What is gills criteria

Aggression is behaviour which is intentional and deliberate and it involves injury to another person. Assertion A performer who plays with energy and emotion and within the rules of the game is showing assertive behaviours. Assertive behaviour is acceptable but forceful behaviour. Instinct theories of aggression These theories suggest that aggression is an instinct that has evolved to help us survive.

The psychoanalytical approach Freud claimed that we have instincts which have to be satisfied. These instincts create an energy drive which is used to satisfaction.

Aggression is part of what he called out death instincts, which are destructive. They are in conflict with our life instincts called eros , which are positive and creative. Freud and Lorenze saw aggression as building up within a person with eros directing it away from self to some other kind of aggressive behaviour. The ethological approach Aggression is seen as building up within humans which creates a drive.

If it is not released in a constructive way achieving catharsis using sport to let out aggression The frustration-aggression theory This theory suggests that aggression is both inherited and learned and it is related to frustration.

Frustration occurs when we are prevented from achieving our goals. Dollard et al argued that aggression is an inherited response that only occurs in frustrating situations. Aggression is always caused by frustration and frustration will always cause some sort of aggression.

Miller claimed that frustration makes aggression more likely to occur, but it may not be shown. The third type of aggression is the one of which the main and primary goal is to inflict harm and injury apon the opponent just for the sake of it. An example of this would be when Zinedine Zidane head butted Materazzi on the pitch, it would be classed as a hostile aggression for a few reasons which are; for one they were off the ball and they were nowhere near the ball, secondly all Zidane wanted to do was hurt Materazzi.

As you can see it goes in stages, the first type was not inflicting harm or the fact that there was no intensions on doing I. However athletes and non-athletes should be able to channel their aggression into the right places. There are three main theories related to aggression; instinct theory, frustration-aggression and social learning theory.

Some people may say that aggression is a characteristic and gets inherited from our family and it may as well be passed through the genes, others may say however that you can learn to be aggressive and you learn it from your surrounding and environment. The instinct theory argues that aggressive behaviour is innate, genetically inherited and as a result is inevitable. It has been suggested that aggression is built up inside and needs to be released for one to maintain our wellbeing. Also aggressive behaviour is often learnt and is linked to culture not just innate.

However the frustration-aggression theory is partly innate characteristics Fued, and partly learnt from others also. One would become aggressive when their goal is blocked and they are unable to achieve what they wanted to achieve, it would start off as frustration then that would turn into aggression fairly quickly.

Aggression always starts with someone being frustrated at the beginning; this is the order for someone to become aggressive,. This shows the stages, starting with someone wanting to achieve something then something crops up making you un-able to achieve it therefore creating an obstacle to your goal.

Which would then make you frustrated which would lead to aggression, from there it would either go two ways; success and catharsis or punishment which would then lead itself back round to frustration again. He has thus far been truly able to get involved for a number of games. However he has been able to maintain his frustration and not lash out in a hostile way. Suddenly a player on the opposite side breaks through and is running to scour a touchdown.

The line backer gives chase and takes him down with a legal tackle. This cathartis through assertiveness. Many have refuted the idea that sport enables aggressive catharsis, one such research case being Zillman, Day and Johnson They compared the aggressive tendencies of athletes competing in aggressive sports athletes competing in non-aggressive sports and non athletes.

The study found there was no difference between the three groups, which contradict the aggression-cathartis theory.

In accordance with this theory those participating in aggressive sports would be expected to be less aggressive as they had the opportunity to release there aggression through sport. However I do not believe this argument is broad enough to disprove this theory. Why, in an aggressive sport, while you may have more opportunity to release your aggression through catharsis, so does your opponent.

If one team is being constantly bested by the other instead of becoming less aggressive they will become more aggressive. This argument is supported by Dollards the Frustration- Aggression theory which I will discuss later. Psychology and sport, Sally Gadsdon, Heinemann, Whether aggression is innate or learned remains an ongoing argument in psychology.

The Instincts involved in these theorys are difficult to identify and thus forth difficult to test. The main problem is that is aggression was instinctive and not learnt then every being on earth would display the same aggressiveness.

However Baron ; Richardson have said that cross-cultural studies have found wide variation in human aggression. Smaller rural cultures such as the arapesh of new guinea have shown very little aggression in contrast to European and American standards, which suggests Morden life increases aggression, which is a environmental factor.

There is lack of direct evidence to disprove this theory though it is obvious that different people have different levels of aggression, and if aggression is an instinct we all share then are aggressiveness would be the same. Fustration-Aggresion Theory These theories, closely linked to instinct theorys due to aggression being innate, propose that although we all have an innate aggressive drive, aggressive behaviour is elicited by frustration. Anderson ; Dill, describe frustration as an interference blocking someone from obtaining a goal; aggression is a behavior in response to frustration, intended to harm the person blocking the goal.

The main belief behind these theorys is that an aggressive act stems from an aggressive drive, drive being a state of inner tension. The First of these theories was the drive reduction theory put forward by Dollard el al This stated that frustration is caused by an inability to obtain a goal.

The frustration triggers an aggressive drive which leads to aggressive acts. Dollard put forward a particular model which showed his hypothesis: Above is Dollard et als frustration-aggression model It shows how a blockade to an athletes causes frustration which leads to aggression. Then the athlete can deal with his anger successfully within the rules of a the game; Cathartis. For example a rugby player who has been tackled a number of times whilst trying to score a try, not all of those tackles legal, uses his aggression to legally barge his way past some backs and outruns the fullback to score a try.

According to Dollards model this would cut out the obstacle the backs causing to frustration and aggression to subside. However the aggression could be released unsuccessfully. This would mean that the player would break the rules of the game and act overly aggressive, leading to punishment.

This causes the cycle to continue. The punishment would cause the player to become even more frustrated which again would lead to further aggression. Then, again they can release it unsuccessfully causing the cycle to continue or release it successfully, breaking the cycle. He became more and more frustrated at the outside centre who continuously tackles him. Ones he breaks through the defensive line again the outside centre charges him. His frustration leads to aggression and he gives the outside centre an elbow as he passes.

The referee may see this and give the player a yellow card, causing the player to spend time in the sin bin. This will lead to further frustration. When the player returns the further built up frustration may cause him to commit another foul and be shown a red card, removing him for the rest of the game. Psychology and sport, Sally Gadsdon, Heinemann, Many sports psychologists have agreed with Dollards original modle.

Berkowitz ,however, reformulated the frustration — aggression hypothesis, proposing that frustration results from an inability to obtain a goal, creating a readiness for aggression or anger. This may be a person, object or situation related to the frustrating event. A classic example of an aggressive cue is a football fan. Say a football fan is watching his supported team at home and they lose to Wolverhampton wanderers. Later in the week he is playing a Sunday morning football game with his team and there opponents have a dark yellow kit, a kit similar to wolves.

Applying sport psychology: 4 perspectives, Jim Taylor ; Gregory Scott-Wilson, Human Kinetics, Dollards original theory has been criticized for being over simplistic, stating that a blocked goal will always lead to frustration and frustration to aggression.

Bandura criticized Dollard and his Yale associates formulation as a drive theory, holding that frustration typically only creates a general emotional arousal. Zillman was also dubious and attained that demonstrations of aggression as a response to frustration were attributed to personal attack or the instrumental value of aggressive reactions.

In contrast Baron was far more favourably disposed, but maintained that frustration is far less common or important as an ascendant of aggression. One of the theorys biggest criticisms was that frustration would not always lead to aggression and that aggression is possible without frustration.

Berkowitz changed the hypothesis to state that frustration is a contributing factor to aggression, but another factor could set it off, or it could simply subside, which answered to that particular argument. However Berkowitz still does not address other factors which could lead to aggression. Some psychologists have argued that we need to understand the meaning of aggressive acts for the individual carrying them out. These theorists often see aggression as a calculated, utility maximising act exacted so as to gain calculated benefits.

Those moments of madness and frustration that lead to aggressive behaviour. Are aggressive individuals a story of nature or nurture? Instinct theory refers to early beliefs that an athlete's inevitability to be aggressive builds up over time before being expressed.

It's the analogy of tightening a spring until it forcibly unwinds. The instinct can either be expressed with a show of aggression such as attacking another living being or through displacement as catharsis.

Catharsis is where feelings of aggression are released through socially acceptable means such as sporting activities. Whilst many sports participants might consider that sport provides a socially acceptable means for them to vent their frustrations in the form of catharsis it is widely acknowledged within the psychology fraternity that no innate biologically aggressive behaviour has been identified and therefore very little support has been given to the notion of catharsis from the scientific community in assessing that sport offers a socially acceptable means of dispersing our natural aggressive feelings.

The frustration-aggression theory refers to aggression being as a direct result of goal blockage or failure to achieve a specific goal. Psychologists initially observed that most aggressive acts occur when people exhibit feelings of frustration.

However the frustration-aggression theory carries little weight due to it's insistence that frustration causes aggression. It does not factor into account that many individuals with develop coping strategies to deal with their feelings of frustration. Adaptation of the the frustration-aggression theory shows that aggressive behaviour may not be obvious and through sport the feelings can be channelled through socially acceptable outlets in the form of catharsis.

Bandura believed that behaviours are learnt as a result of environmental factors in the form of observational learning. As human's we consider the relationship between our actions and subsequent consequences through a procedure of information processing. In Bandura noted that children who watched adult models partake in violent acts of aggression in the form of beating up bobo dolls were more likely to commit subsequent violent acts themselves when compared to those children who did not witness such behaviour.

This relationship helped to shape Bandura's Social Learning Theory. These actions were further reinforced in cases where the children were made to copy the violent acts of the adults. As the originally frustration aggression theory failed to account for justified and unjustified frustration and environmental cues to aggression it needed some adjustment become a justifiable hypothesis.

Berkowitz's reformulation of the theory pays considerations to the observation that frustration does not assuredly lead on to aggressive behaviour and proposed that frustration creates a readiness for aggression. To lead to aggression certain stimuli are required for the behaviour to occur. In the animal world an example would be the bull fighter using a red flag to enrage a bull.

In the sporting world it could be the sledging from the wicket keeper to build up the batsman's level of frustration in cricket in the hope that he takes a wild, angry swing at the ball and misses as the ball smashes into the stumps- Howzat! Berkowitz summarised that a large number of factors and events can influence the strength of impulse to commit acts of aggression.

Some psychologists have argued that we need to understand what aggressive acts mean to the individual. Some psychologists consider that aggression can be a calculated act and therefore not born from the frustrations of many theorists. This theories may help to provide and explanation to the the wide variety of motivational influences that can lead towards aggressive behaviours. For the coach it becomes a vital part of their strategy when managing an athlete to assess for situations which could be stimuli towards aggressive behaviour.

For a developing athlete a coach may assess a situation and remove them from a game to give opportunity to learn from the situation and any cues manifested. Bandura, A. Aggression: A social learning analysis. Berkowitz, L. Philadephia, Temple University Press. Teaching individuals how to harness that anger into something constructive would be a nice start.